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托福阅读满分攻略：掌握这些逻辑关系词，让你刷题效率翻倍！

2023-05-31 15:09:27 | 来源:哔哩哔哩 | 编辑: |

阅读是托福考试中最基础的部分，也是大家上手最快的部分。但是很多人开始做题时，才发现自己不仅做题速度慢，而且正确率不高！想要满分很难！如果你也遇到了这样的问题，那么在单词和语法没问题的情况下，大概率是对文章句子间逻辑没有把握到位。

(资料图片)

其实，明确句子间的逻辑关系，可以方便你快速明白考点所在句的本质含义。这也是我们老师在讲解托福阅读时，课上会强调的事情。

一般在托福阅读文章中常出现的逻辑关系有这几种：否定、因果、比较、转折、并列、指代和顺序；其中有否定、因果和比较这三种是在阅读题目中必会涉及的。

今天我们就来给大家详细说一说，不同的逻辑关系对应的“信号词”，熟练掌握这些逻辑关系词，会在潜移默化中提升解题速度，提高正确率。

01否定逻辑

【明显否定关系词】

no/not/none/neither/never/deny/rarely

【隐性否定关系词】

fail to/absence/lack/little/few/evaporate/

difficult/hard

【否定构词】

a-/ab-/abs- in-/il- mis- dis- mal- contra- anti- -less

相较于明显否定关系词，ETS更喜欢出的是隐含否定关系的词。看一个例子。

Some hypotheses fail to account for simultaneous extinctions on land and in the seas. Each mass extinction may have had a different cause.（TPO 15 Reading）

翻译的时候，直接将fail to当成“不”处理，译为：“有些假说不能解释在陆地和海洋同时发生的物种灭绝。可能每次大规模物种灭绝都有不同的原因。”

02因果逻辑

【明显因果关系词】：because(of), since, for, due to, so that, thus, as a result, consequently...

（还有很多，不一一列举，完整词表可添加文末学姐领取）

【隐性因果关系词】：

1、“发展促进”类单词:

enable/stimulate/motivate/prompt/encourage/perfect/help/contribute to等

2、“导致”类单词:

lead to/cause/give rise to/induce/trigger

/breed/engender 等

3、“影响破坏”类单词:

affect/impact/damage/ruin/interfere/destroy等

4、“由来”类单词:

come from/initiate from/derive from等

5、“关联”类单词:

is associated with/accompany /is linked to/is tied with/have to do with/relevance等

6、“依赖”类单词:

depend on/rely on等

需要格外注意的是，因果关系有以下两种表现形式。

1.表“前因后果”的Lead to, render, stimulate, push, motivate, be responsible to..

Eg. Any shortage could pushup grain prices. 任何短缺都会推动粮价上涨（隐含着因为短缺造成价格上涨的因果关系）。

2.表“前果后因”的Derive from, result from, come from, initiate from...

如TPO20中的一道句子简化题：The extreme serioue of desertification results from the vast areas of land and tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the proce.

在这段话中，根据result from可以推断出有因果关系，且是“结果+result from+原因”。那么在选择与其对应的简化句时，选项中有因果关系的应优先考虑。

03比较逻辑

比较等级中最常考的是最高级，文章中只要出现，题目必考！

【最高级/比较级关系词】：

-est/-er/more/most/maximum/minimum/

favorite/top/否定词+比较级=最高级

【相似性比较词】：

as/resemble/analogy/imitate/like/likewise/

correspondingly/copy/same/equal/identical/reproduce/similar/match/still/mimic.......

【差异性比较词】：

change/opposite/compare/rather than

/unlike/contrary/converse/differ/opposecontrast/instead/distinct.......

04转折逻辑

but/nevertheless/despite/while it may be true/however/nonetheless/not withstanding/of course/while/although/albeit/in fact/(and) yet/even though/in spite of/actually/whereas/admittedly/regardless......

05并列逻辑

and/or/both/either..or/except/further/too/other/from...to/other than/in addition /also/one ... another/not only... but also/likewise/moreover/again/some... others/hand/similarly/what is more/between/alternative/besides/coupled with among/as well as/aside from/furthermore/meanwhile.......

06举例逻辑

for example/such as/for instance/to illustrate/ as an illustration/to demonstrate/chiefly/ especially/in particular/particularly/namely/specifically/for one thing/ case/in this case/like/that is/in other words/fact/e.g.

07顺序逻辑

【时间顺序】

第一：first/at first/first of all/to begin with/ to start with /in the first place/initially

第二：second/secondly/in the second place

第三：third/thirdly/in the third place

然后：next/then/soon/after/afterward/subsequent/later/ follow

最后：last/at last/ast but not least/finally/eventually/to conclude/in conclusion/in the end/in summary/all in all/

to sum up/in sum /overall/to summarize/to be brief/ briefly/on the whole/in a word /in short/at length

现在：now/present/recent/current/today/modern/contemporary/so far

古代：early/before/pr ior/past/ago/ used to/ once/former/ previous/ initial

同时：at the same time/meanwhile/s si mmult aneously/conc urrently/

立刻：immediate/instant /rapid/prompt